Abstract Phytophthora cinnamomi is one of the most devastating plant pathogens worldwide, since it causes root rot and death of many plant species. The aim of this study was to determine the histological damage induced by this organism in roots of Pinus patula and P. pseudostrobus. Both Pinus species were inoculated by immersion of roots in a suspension of mycelial fragments. Roots of control trees were immersed in sterile distilled water. Root samples were taken every four days after inoculation for 20 days. Microscopic symptoms occurred more rapidly in P. pseudostrobus, although the two species exhibited fragile and necrotic roots. Also, the histological changes at the root of both species were presented with an increase in polyphenol content, degradation of cell walls and necrosis of the periderm. In the case of P. patula, plants showed wilting of the canopy, followed by a yellowing of needles and finally with the death of the tree. For P. pseudostrobus symptoms were similar, but in this case the decay of needles was gradual and subsequently wilt thereof was observed until the total death of the tree.

Resumen Phytophthora cinnamomi es uno de los fitopatógenos más devastadores a nivel mundial, ya que ocasiona pudriciones de raíz y la muerte de numerosas especies vegetales. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los daños histológicos inducidos por este organismo a nivel radicular en Pinus patula y Pinus pseudostrobus. Se inocularon 48 árboles de 11 meses de edad de ambas especies forestales mediante la inmersión de sus raíces en una suspensión de fragmentos miceliales y como testigo, otras que fueron sumergidas en agua destilada estéril. Se tomaron muestras de tales estructuras cada cuatro días después de la inoculación por 20 días. Los síntomas microscópicos se manifestaron con mayor rapidez en P. pseudostrobus, aunque en las dos especies las raíces se tornaron frágiles y se necrosaron. Asimismo, los cambios histológicos se presentaron como un aumento en el contenido de polifenoles, degradación de las paredes celulares y necrosamiento de la peridermis. En P. patula, las plantas mostraron un marchitamiento de la copa, seguida por un amarillamiento de las acículas y, finalmente, en la muerte del árbol. Para P. pseudostrobus los síntomas fueron similares, pero el decaimiento de las acículas fue gradual y, posteriormente, se observó marchitez de las mismas hasta la muerte total del ejemplar.

Objective This article aims to analyze comparatively the national surveillance systems of water quality for human consumption (DWQS) of Brazil and Colombia, seeking to understand how practices are organized in these countries, along with their limits and possibilities. Methods The National Cross Comparison methodology was used with document analysis of secondary sources, with the purpose of discussing the similarities and differences between the two systems using the WHO’s Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Results The legal framework on DWQS in Brazil and Colombia was defined in the 70s and 80s, coinciding with the international visibility of this issue. Thereafter, DWQS practices in Brazil have been defined and organized in a national program, which has only recently started in Colombia. The current Brazilian and Colombian legislations show progress in technical elements that guide surveillance practices, such as the incorporation of risk assessment methodologies. The Colombian legislation defines the regulation of water supply services provision, which is not contemplated in Brazilian legislation. Elements such as decentralization, intersectionality, universality and right to information are included in the legislations of both countries, although further action on DWQS is needed. Conclusions Brazil and Colombia have similarities in the implementation of DWQS, despite being at different points in the implementation timeline. Actions on drinking-water quality surveillance are necessary to guarantee human rights related to the protection of the environment, such as universal access to drinking water, contributing to the promotion of health.

Objetivo Analizar comparativamente los sistemas nacionales de vigilancia de la calidad del agua para consumo humano (VCACH) de Brasil y Colombia, con el fin de comprender como están organizadas las prácticas en estos países, sus límites y posibilidades. Métodos Se utilizó la metodología de comparación Cross Nacional, mediante el análisis documental de fuentes secundarias, con el propósito de discutir las convergencias y divergencias entre los dos sistemas, considerando las directrices de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Resultados Los marcos legales de la VCACH en Brasil y Colombia comienzan a definirse en la década 70-80, coincidiendo con la visibilidad internacional de esta temática. Las prácticas de VCACH en el Brasil estuvieron definidas y organizadas en un programa nacional, lo que solamente se está dando recientemente en Colombia. Las actuales legislaciones avanzan en los componentes que orientan las prácticas de vigilancia, como la incorporación de metodologías de evaluación de riesgo. La legislación colombiana establece la regulación de la prestación de los servicios de abastecimiento de agua, aspecto no contemplado en la legislación brasilera. Elementos como descentralización, intersectorialidad, universalidad y el derecho a información son contemplados en ambas legislaciones, aunque las acciones necesiten avanzar para su efectiva operatividad. Conclusiones Brasil y Colombia presentan semejanzas en los procesos de definición de la VCACH, estando en momentos distintos de implementación de las acciones. Estas estrategias son necesarias para garantizar los derechos humanos relacionados con la preservación de ambiente, así como la universalidad del acceso a agua potable, contribuyendo en la promoción de la salud.

Objetivo Analizar comparativamente los sistemas nacionales de vigilancia de la calidad del agua para consumo humano (VCACH) de Brasil y Colombia, con el fin de comprender como están organizadas las prácticas en estos países, sus límites y posibilidades. Métodos Se utilizó la metodología de comparación Cross Nacional, mediante el análisis documental de fuentes secundarias, con el propósito de discutir las convergencias y divergencias entre los dos sistemas, considerando las directrices de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Resultados Los marcos legales de la VCACH en Brasil y Colombia comienzan a definirse en la década 70-80, coincidiendo con la visibilidad internacional de esta temática. Las prácticas de VCACH en el Brasil estuvieron definidas y organizadas en un programa nacional, lo que solamente se está dando recientemente en Colombia. Las actuales legislaciones avanzan en los componentes que orientan las prácticas de vigilancia, como la incorporación de metodologías de evaluación de riesgo. La legislación colombiana establece la regulación de la prestación de los servicios de abastecimiento de agua, aspecto no contemplado en la legislación brasilera. Elementos como descentralización, intersectorialidad, universalidad y el derecho a información son contemplados en ambas legislaciones, aunque las acciones necesiten avanzar para su efectiva operatividad. Conclusiones Brasil y Colombia presentan semejanzas en los procesos de definición de la VCACH, estando en momentos distintos de implementación de las acciones. Estas estrategias son necesarias para garantizar los derechos humanos relacionados con la preservación de ambiente, así como la universalidad del acceso a agua potable, contribuyendo en la promoción de la salud.

Objective This article aims to analyze comparatively the national surveillance systems of water quality for human consumption (DWQS) of Brazil and Colombia, seeking to understand how practices are organized in these countries, along with their limits and possibilities. Methods The National Cross Comparison methodology was used with document analysis of secondary sources, with the purpose of discussing the similarities and differences between the two systems using the WHO’s Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Results The legal framework on DWQS in Brazil and Colombia was defined in the 70s and 80s, coinciding with the international visibility of this issue. Thereafter, DWQS practices in Brazil have been defined and organized in a national program, which has only recently started in Colombia. The current Brazilian and Colombian legislations show progress in technical elements that guide surveillance practices, such as the incorporation of risk assessment methodologies. The Colombian legislation defines the regulation of water supply services provision, which is not contemplated in Brazilian legislation. Elements such as decentralization, intersectionality, universality and right to information are included in the legislations of both countries, although further action on DWQS is needed. Conclusions Brazil and Colombia have similarities in the implementation of DWQS, despite being at different points in the implementation timeline. Actions on drinking-water quality surveillance are necessary to guarantee human rights related to the protection of the environment, such as universal access to drinking water, contributing to the promotion of health.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a implementação do Sistema de Vigilância da Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano (VQACH), na Colômbia. O estudo foi realizado mediante a metodologia de avaliação da implementação, integrando avaliação normativa e pesquisa de avaliação. Para a avaliação foi desenvolvida metodologia Delphi, permitindo definir uma matriz avaliativa, composta por 14 atributos e 62 critérios, e a construção de um sistema de escores e parâmetros, que possibilitou a avaliação de cada um dos critérios definidos. A coleta de dados envolveu a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores institucionais de 39 unidades territoriais. A avaliação mostrou que o sistema de VQACH está parcialmente implementado, com diferentes estados de implementação nas unidades territoriais. O sistema mostra um fortalecimento nas ações relacionadas com produção de dados sobre as condições da qualidade da água, com ausência de ações que permitam o aproveitamento desses dados para o melhoramento da qualidade de água, e de ações de VQACH na perspectiva de promoção da saúde. Foram identificadas algumas limitações conceituais nas legislações, o que afeta o cumprimento da universalidade das ações de VQACH.

This study aims to evaluate the Drinking-Water Quality Surveillance Programme (DWQS) implemented in Colombia. The study was conducted using methodology for assessing the implementation, integrating a normative assessment and evaluation research. For this assessment, Delphi methodology was developed that allowed the definition of an evaluation matrix, composed of 14 attributes and 62 criteria, as well as the building of a score system and parameters that permitted the evaluation of each of the defined criteria. Data collection involved conducting semi-structured interviews with institutional actors from 39 territorial units. The system evaluation showed that the DWQS in Colombia is partially implemented, with different stages of implementation in territorial units. The system showed a strengthening in actions related to data production on the aspect for improving water quality and DWQS actions from the standpoint of health promotion. However, some conceptual limitations were identified in terms of legislation thereby affecting the fulfilment of the universality of DWQS actions.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a implementação do Sistema de Vigilância da Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano (VQACH), na Colômbia. O estudo foi realizado mediante a metodologia de avaliação da implementação, integrando avaliação normativa e pesquisa de avaliação. Para a avaliação foi desenvolvida metodologia Delphi, permitindo definir uma matriz avaliativa, composta por 14 atributos e 62 critérios, e a construção de um sistema de escores e parâmetros, que possibilitou a avaliação de cada um dos critérios definidos. A coleta de dados envolveu a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores institucionais de 39 unidades territoriais. A avaliação mostrou que o sistema de VQACH está parcialmente implementado, com diferentes estados de implementação nas unidades territoriais. O sistema mostra um fortalecimento nas ações relacionadas com produção de dados sobre as condições da qualidade da água, com ausência de ações que permitam o aproveitamento desses dados para o melhoramento da qualidade de água, e de ações de VQACH na perspectiva de promoção da saúde. Foram identificadas algumas limitações conceituais nas legislações, o que afeta o cumprimento da universalidade das ações de VQACH.

This study aims to evaluate the Drinking-Water Quality Surveillance Programme (DWQS) implemented in Colombia. The study was conducted using methodology for assessing the implementation, integrating a normative assessment and evaluation research. For this assessment, Delphi methodology was developed that allowed the definition of an evaluation matrix, composed of 14 attributes and 62 criteria, as well as the building of a score system and parameters that permitted the evaluation of each of the defined criteria. Data collection involved conducting semi-structured interviews with institutional actors from 39 territorial units. The system evaluation showed that the DWQS in Colombia is partially implemented, with different stages of implementation in territorial units. The system showed a strengthening in actions related to data production on the aspect for improving water quality and DWQS actions from the standpoint of health promotion. However, some conceptual limitations were identified in terms of legislation thereby affecting the fulfilment of the universality of DWQS actions.